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What is Free Evolution? Free evolution is the notion that the natural processes of living organisms can lead to their development over time. This includes the appearance and growth of new species. A variety of examples have been provided of this, including various varieties of fish called sticklebacks that can live in either salt or fresh water, as well as walking stick insect varieties that favor particular host plants. These reversible traits however, are not able to explain fundamental changes in basic body plans. Evolution by Natural Selection Scientists have been fascinated by the evolution of all the living creatures that live on our planet for centuries. The most widely accepted explanation is that of Charles Darwin's natural selection process, a process that occurs when better-adapted individuals survive and reproduce more successfully than those who are less well-adapted. As time passes, a group of well-adapted individuals expands and eventually creates a new species. Natural selection is an ongoing process that involves the interaction of three elements that are inheritance, variation and reproduction. Variation is caused by mutations and sexual reproduction, both of which increase the genetic diversity within an animal species. Inheritance is the passing of a person's genetic traits to the offspring of that person that includes recessive and dominant alleles. Reproduction is the process of creating viable, fertile offspring. This can be achieved through sexual or asexual methods. Natural selection can only occur when all the factors are in equilibrium. If, for instance the dominant gene allele makes an organism reproduce and survive more than the recessive allele, then the dominant allele will become more common in a population. If 무료 에볼루션 confers a negative survival advantage or decreases the fertility of the population, it will be eliminated. The process is self-reinforcing, meaning that an organism that has a beneficial trait is more likely to survive and reproduce than an individual with a maladaptive characteristic. The more offspring an organism can produce the better its fitness which is measured by its ability to reproduce itself and survive. People with desirable traits, like having a long neck in the giraffe, or bright white color patterns on male peacocks, are more likely than others to reproduce and survive, which will eventually lead to them becoming the majority. Natural selection only acts on populations, not individuals. This is an important distinction from the Lamarckian theory of evolution, which states that animals acquire characteristics through use or neglect. For instance, if the animal's neck is lengthened by stretching to reach for prey its offspring will inherit a larger neck. The difference in neck size between generations will continue to increase until the giraffe is unable to reproduce with other giraffes. Evolution through Genetic Drift In genetic drift, alleles of a gene could reach different frequencies within a population by chance events. Eventually, one of them will attain fixation (become so widespread that it can no longer be removed by natural selection), while the other alleles drop to lower frequencies. In the extreme this, it leads to dominance of a single allele. The other alleles are eliminated, and heterozygosity decreases to zero. In a small number of people this could lead to the complete elimination the recessive gene. This is known as the bottleneck effect. It is typical of an evolutionary process that occurs when an enormous number of individuals move to form a population. A phenotypic bottleneck can also happen when the survivors of a disaster, such as an epidemic or mass hunting event, are condensed in a limited area. The survivors will share a dominant allele and thus will share the same phenotype. This can be caused by war, earthquakes or even a plague. The genetically distinct population, if left, could be susceptible to genetic drift. Walsh Lewens, Walsh, and Ariew define drift as a deviation from expected values due to differences in fitness. They provide a well-known example of twins that are genetically identical, share identical phenotypes, but one is struck by lightning and dies, while the other lives and reproduces. This kind of drift could be crucial in the evolution of the species. It is not the only method of evolution. The primary alternative is a process called natural selection, where the phenotypic variation of an individual is maintained through mutation and migration. Stephens argues there is a huge difference between treating the phenomenon of drift as a force or cause, and considering other causes, such as migration and selection mutation as forces and causes. Stephens claims that a causal mechanism account of drift allows us to distinguish it from the other forces, and this distinction is vital. He also argues that drift is a directional force: that is, it tends to eliminate heterozygosity. He also claims that it also has a specific magnitude which is determined by the size of population. Evolution through Lamarckism Students of biology in high school are frequently introduced to Jean-Baptiste Lemarck's (1744-1829) work. His theory of evolution, commonly called “Lamarckism which means that simple organisms transform into more complex organisms inheriting characteristics that result from an organism's use and disuse. Lamarckism can be demonstrated by a giraffe extending its neck to reach higher leaves in the trees. This would cause giraffes to pass on their longer necks to offspring, who would then become taller. Lamarck was a French zoologist and, in his opening lecture for his course on invertebrate zoology held at the Museum of Natural History in Paris on 17 May 1802, he introduced a groundbreaking concept that radically challenged the previous understanding of organic transformation. According to Lamarck, living creatures evolved from inanimate material through a series of gradual steps. Lamarck was not the only one to suggest that this could be the case, but the general consensus is that he was the one being the one who gave the subject his first comprehensive and comprehensive treatment. The most popular story is that Charles Darwin's theory on natural selection and Lamarckism were rivals during the 19th century. Darwinism eventually won, leading to the development of what biologists refer to as the Modern Synthesis. The theory denies that acquired characteristics can be passed down and instead argues that organisms evolve through the influence of environment factors, including Natural Selection. While Lamarck believed in the concept of inheritance through acquired characters and his contemporaries spoke of this idea however, it was not an integral part of any of their evolutionary theorizing. This is due to the fact that it was never scientifically tested. But it is now more than 200 years since Lamarck was born and in the age genomics there is a huge body of evidence supporting the possibility of inheritance of acquired traits. It is sometimes called “neo-Lamarckism” or more frequently epigenetic inheritance. It is a version of evolution that is just as valid as the more popular Neo-Darwinian model. Evolution through the process of adaptation One of the most common misconceptions about evolution is that it is driven by a sort of struggle for survival. This view is a misrepresentation of natural selection and ignores the other forces that determine the rate of evolution. The struggle for survival is more accurately described as a struggle to survive within a particular environment, which could involve not only other organisms, but also the physical environment. Understanding how adaptation works is essential to understand evolution. The term “adaptation” refers to any specific characteristic that allows an organism to survive and reproduce within its environment. It could be a physiological structure like feathers or fur or a behavioral characteristic like moving into the shade in hot weather or coming out at night to avoid cold. An organism's survival depends on its ability to extract energy from the surrounding environment and interact with other living organisms and their physical surroundings. The organism must have the right genes for producing offspring and to be able to access enough food and resources. The organism must also be able reproduce at a rate that is optimal for its specific niche. These elements, along with mutations and gene flow, can lead to an alteration in the ratio of different alleles within a population’s gene pool. As time passes, this shift in allele frequencies can result in the emergence of new traits and ultimately new species. Many of the features that we admire in animals and plants are adaptations, for example, lungs or gills to extract oxygen from the air, feathers or fur to provide insulation long legs to run away from predators and camouflage to hide. However, a proper understanding of adaptation requires paying attention to the distinction between behavioral and physiological characteristics. Physiological adaptations, such as thick fur or gills are physical traits, whereas behavioral adaptations, like the tendency to search for friends or to move into the shade in hot weather, are not. Furthermore, it is important to remember that a lack of forethought does not mean that something is an adaptation. In fact, failing to think about the implications of a decision can render it ineffective, despite the fact that it might appear logical or even necessary.